To make any changes to the network, the idea of governance is to compose active token holders and the council together to administrate a network upgrade decisions. No matter whether the proposal is proposed by the public (token holders) or the council, it finally will have to go through a referendum to let all token holders, weighted by stake, to make the decision.
Referenda
Referenda are simple, inclusive, stake-based voting schemes. Each referendum has a specific proposal associated with it that takes the form of a privileged function call in the runtime (that includes the most powerful call: set_code, which can switch out the entire code of the runtime, achieving what would otherwise require a “hard fork”). Referenda are discrete events, have a fixed period where voting happens, and then are tallied and the function call is made if the vote is approved. Referenda are always binary; your only options in voting are “aye”, “nay”, or abstaining entirely.
Referenda can be started in one of several ways:
- Publicly submitted proposals;
- Proposals submitted by the council, either through a majority or unanimously;
- Proposals submitted as part of the enactment of a prior referendum;
- Emergency proposals submitted by the Technical Committee and approved by the Council.
All referenda have an enactment delay associated with them. This is the period between the referendum ending and, assuming the proposal was approved, the changes being enacted. A referendum is considered baked if it is closed and tallied. Again, assuming the proposal was approved, it would be scheduled for enactment. A referendum is considered unbaked if it is pending an outcome, i.e. being voted on. For the first two ways that a referendum is launched, this is a fixed time of 28 days. For the third type, it can be set as desired. Emergency proposals deal with major problems with the network that need to be “fast-tracked”. These will have a shorter enactment time.
Proposing And Voting On A Referendum
Public Referenda
Anyone can propose a referendum by depositing the minimum amount of tokens for a certain period (number of blocks). If someone agrees with the proposal, they may deposit the same amount of tokens to support it – this action is called endorsing. The proposal with the highest amount of bonded support will be selected to be a referendum in the next voting cycle. Note that this may be different from the absolute number of endorsements; for instance, three accounts bonding 20 GEODE each would “outweigh” ten accounts bonding a single GEODE each. The bonded tokens will be released once the proposal is brought to a vote.
There can be a maximum of 100 public proposals in the proposal queue at one time.
Council Referenda
There can only be one active referendum at any given time, except when there is also an emergency referendum in progress. Referenda posted by the Council come in two varieties:
- Unanimous Council – When all members of the council agree on a proposal, it can be moved to a referendum. This referendum will have a negative turnout bias (that is, the smaller the amount of stake voting, the smaller the amount necessary for it to pass – see Polkadot’s Adaptive Quorum Biasing).
- Majority Council – When agreement from only a simple majority of council members occurs, the referendum can still be voted on, but it will be majority-carries (51% wins).
Voting Timetable
Every 28 days, a new referendum will come up for a vote, assuming there is at least one proposal in one of the queues. There is a queue for Council-approved proposals and a queue for publicly submitted proposals. The referendum to be voted upon alternates between the top proposal in those two queues. The “top” proposal is determined by the amount of stake bonded behind it. If the given queue whose turn it is to create a referendum that has no proposals (is empty), and proposals are waiting in the other queue, the top proposal in the other queue will become a referendum. Multiple referenda cannot be voted upon in the same period, excluding emergency referenda. An emergency referendum occurring at the same time as a regular referendum (either public- or council-proposed) is the only time that multiple referenda will be able to be voted on at once.
Voting On A Referendum
To vote, a voter generally must lock their tokens up for at least the enactment delay period beyond the end of the referendum. This is in order to ensure that some minimal economic buy-in to the result is needed and to dissuade vote selling. It is possible to vote without locking at all, but your vote is worth a small fraction of a normal vote, given your stake. At the same time, holding only a small amount of tokens does not mean that the holder cannot influence the referendum result, thanks to time-locking, also known as Conviction Voting where you volunteer to lock up your tokens for longer as a show of just how convicted you are to your vote.
Example:
Peter: Votes No with 10 GEODE for a 128 week lock period => 10 x 6 = 60 Votes
Logan: Votes Yes with 20 GEODE for a 4 week lock period => 20 x 1 = 20 Votes
Kevin: Votes Yes with 15 GEODE for a 8 week lock period => 15 x 2 = 30 Votes
Even though combined both Logan and Kevin vote with more GEODE than Peter, the lock period for both of them is less than Peter, leading to their voting power counting as less.
Tallying
Depending on which entity proposed the referendum and whether all council members voted yes, there are three different scenarios. We can use the following table for reference.
| Originator | Voting Method |
|---|---|
| Public | Positive Turnout Bias (Super-Majority Approve) |
| Council (Complete agreement) | Negative Turnout Bias (Super-Majority Against) |
| Council (Majority agreement) | Simple Majority |
We apply one of the formulas listed below to calculate the voting result. For example, let’s use the public proposal as an example, so the Super-Majority Approve formula will be applied. There is no strict quorum, but the super-majority required increases with lower turnout.
approve – the number of aye votes
against – the number of nay votes
turnout – the total number of voting tokens (does not include conviction)
electorate – the total number of tokens issued in the network
Super-Majority Approve Formula
A positive turnout bias, whereby a heavy super-majority of aye votes is required to carry at low turnouts, but as turnout increases towards 100%, it becomes a simple majority-carries.
Super-Majority Against Formula
A negative turnout bias, whereby a heavy super-majority of nay votes is required to reject at low turnouts, but as turnout increases towards 100%, it becomes a simple majority-carries.
Simple-Majority Formula
Majority-carries, a simple comparison of votes; if there are more aye votes than nay, then the proposal is carried, no matter how much stake votes on the proposal.
Example:
Assume we only have 1_500 GEODE tokens in total and that this is a public proposal.
- John: 500 GEODE
- Peter: 100 GEODE
- Lilly: 150 GEODE
- JJ: 150 GEODE
- Ken: 600 GEODE
John: Votes Yes for a 4 week lock period => 500 x 1 = 500 Votes
Peter: Votes Yes for a 4 week lock period => 100 x 1 = 100 Votes
JJ: Votes No for a 16 week lock period => 150 x 3 = 450 Votes
- approve = 600
- against = 450
- turnout = 750
- electorate = 1500
Since the above example is a public referendum, Super-Majority Approve would be used to calculate the result. Super-Majority Approve requires more aye votes to pass the referendum when turnout is low, therefore, based on the above result, the referendum will be rejected. In addition, only the winning voter’s tokens are locked. If the voters on the losing side of the referendum believe that the outcome will have negative effects, their tokens are transferrable so they will not be locked into the decision. Moreover, winning proposals are autonomously enacted only after some enactment period.
Voluntary Locking Or Conviction Voting
Geode utilizes an idea called Voluntary Locking that allows token holders to increase their voting power by declaring how long they are willing to lock up their tokens, hence, the number of votes for each token holder will be calculated by the following formula:
votes = tokens * conviction_multiplier
The conviction multiplier increases the vote multiplier by one every time the number of lock periods double.
| Lock Periods | Vote Multiplier | Length in Days |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0.1 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 28 |
| 2 | 2 | 56 |
| 4 | 3 | 112 |
| 8 | 4 | 224 |
| 16 | 5 | 448 (about 15 months) |
| 32 | 6 | 896 (about 2.5 years) |
The maximum number of “doublings” of the lock period is set to 6 (and thus 32 lock periods in total), and one lock period equals 28 days. Only doublings are allowed; you cannot lock for, say, 24 periods and increase your conviction by 5.5. For additional information regarding the timeline of governance events, check out the governance section on Parameters.
While a token is locked, you can still use it for voting and staking; you are only prohibited from transferring these tokens to another account. Votes are still “counted” at the same time (at the end of the voting period), no matter for how long the tokens are locked.
Adaptive Quorum Biasing
Geode uses the concept of “Adaptive Quorum Biasing”, which functions as a lever that the council can use to alter the effective super-majority required to make it easier or more difficult for a proposal to pass in the case that there is no clear majority of voting power backing it or against it.
Let’s use an example. If a publicly submitted referendum only has a 25% turnout, the tally of “aye” votes has to reach 66% for it to pass since we applied Positive Turnout Bias. In contrast, when it has a 75% turnout, the tally of “aye” votes has to reach 54%, which means that the super-majority required decreases as the turnout increases. When the council proposes a new proposal through unanimous consent, the referendum would be put to a vote using “Negative Turnout Bias”. In this case, it is easier to pass this proposal with low turnout and requires a super-majority to reject. As more token holders participate in voting, the bias approaches a plain majority carries. Referring to the above image, when a referendum only has 25% turnout, the tally of “aye” votes has to reach 34% for it to pass. In short, when the turnout rate is low, a super-majority is required to reject the proposal, which means a lower threshold of “aye” votes have to be reached, but as turnout increases towards 100%, it becomes a simple majority. All three tallying mechanisms – majority carries, super-majority approve, and super-majority against – equate to a simple majority-carries system at 100% turnout.
Council
To represent passive stakeholders, Geode uses the idea of a “council”. The council is an on-chain entity comprising several accounts. Along with controlling the treasury, the council is called upon primarily for three tasks of governance: proposing sensible referenda, cancelling uncontroversially dangerous or malicious referenda, and electing the technical committee.
For a referendum to be proposed by the council, a strict majority of members must be in favor, with no member exercising a veto. Vetoes may be exercised only once by a member for any single proposal; if, after a cool-down period, the proposal is resubmitted, they may not veto it a second time.
Council motions which pass with a 3/5 (60%) super-majority – but without reaching unanimous support – will move to a public referendum under a neutral, majority-carries voting scheme. In the case that all members of the council vote in favor of a motion, the vote is considered unanimous and becomes a referendum with negative adaptive quorum biasing.
Canceling
A proposal can be canceled if the technical committee unanimously agrees to do so, or if Root origin (e.g. sudo) triggers this functionality. A canceled proposal’s deposit is burned. Additionally, a two-thirds majority of the council can cancel a referendum. This may function as a last-resort if there is an issue found late in a referendum’s proposal such as a bug in the code of the runtime that the proposal would institute. If the cancellation is controversial enough that the council cannot get a two-thirds majority, then it will be left to the stakeholders en masse to determine the fate of the proposal.
Blacklisting
A proposal can be blacklisted by Root origin (e.g. sudo). A blacklisted proposal and its related referendum (if any) are immediately canceled. Additionally, a blacklisted proposal’s hash cannot re-appear in the proposal queue. Blacklisting is useful when removing erroneous proposals that could be submitted with the same hash. Upon seeing their proposal removed, a submitter who is not properly introduced to the democracy system of Geode might be tempted to re-submit the same proposal. That said, this is far from a fool-proof method of preventing invalid proposals from being re-submitted – a single changed character in a proposal’s text will also change the hash of the proposal, rendering the per-hash blacklist invalid.
How To Become A Council Member
All stakeholders are free to signal their approval of any of the registered candidates. Council elections are handled by the same Phragmen election process that selects validators from the available pool based on nominations. However, token holders’ votes for councillors are isolated from any of the nominations they may have on validators.
Council terms last for one week. At the end of each term, the election algorithm runs and the result will choose the new councillors based on the vote configurations of all voters. The election also chooses a set number of runners up which is currently 7 that will remain in the queue with their votes intact.
As opposed to a “first-past-the-post” electoral system, where voters can only vote for a single candidate from a list, a Phragmén election is a more expressive way to include each voters’ views. Token holders can treat it as a way to support as many candidates as they want. The election algorithm will find a fair subset of the candidates that most closely matches the expressed indications of the electorate as a whole.
Let’s take a look at the example below.
| Round 1 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Token Holders | Candidates | ||||
| A | B | C | D | E | |
| Peter | X | X | X | X | |
| Alice | X | ||||
| Bob | X | X | X | ||
| Kelvin | X | X | |||
| Total | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
The above example shows that candidate C wins the election in round 1, while candidates A, B, D & E keep remaining on the candidates’ list for the next round.
| Round 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Token Holders | Candidates | |||
| A | B | D | E | |
| Peter | X | X | ||
| Alice | X | X | ||
| Bob | X | X | X | X |
| Kelvin | X | X | ||
| Total | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
For the top-N (say 4 in this example) runners-up, they can remain and their votes persist until the next election. After round 2, even though candidates A & B get the same number of votes in this round, candidate A gets elected because after adding the older unused approvals, it is higher than B.
Prime Members
The council, implements what’s called a prime member whose vote acts as the default for other members that fail to vote before the timeout. The prime member is chosen based on a Borda count. The purpose of having a prime member of the council is to ensure a quorum, even when several members abstain from a vote. Council members might be tempted to vote a “soft rejection” or a “soft approval” by not voting and letting the others vote. With the existence of a prime member, it forces councillors to be explicit in their votes or have their vote counted for whatever is voted on by the prime.
Technical Committee
The Technical Committee(TC) is composed of the teams or individuals that have successfully implemented or specified either a Geode or other Substrate-based runtime or validator node. Teams and individuals are added or removed from the TC via a simple majority vote of the Council. The purpose of the TC is to safeguard against malicious referenda, implement bug fixes, reverse faulty runtime updates, or add new but battle-tested features. The TC has the power to fast-track proposals by using the Democracy pallet, and is the only origin that is able to trigger the fast-tracking functionality. We can think of the TC as a “unique origin” that cannot generate proposals, but are able to fast track existing proposals. Fast-tracked referenda are the only type of referenda that can be active alongside another active referendum. Thus, with fast-tracked referenda it is possible to have two active referendums at the same time. Voting on one does not prevent a user from voting on the other.
How can I appeal to the council to enact a change on my behalf?
In some circumstances, you may want to appeal to the on-chain council to enact a change on your behalf. One example of this circumstance is the case of lost or locked funds when the funds were lost due to a human interface error (such as inputting an address for another network). When these circumstances can be proven beyond a reasonable doubt to be an error, the council may consider a governance motion to correct it.
The first step to appeal to the council is to get in contact with the councilors. There is no singular place where you are guaranteed to grab every councilor’s ear with your message. However, our Discord server is a good place to start. After creating an account and joining this Discord, you can post a well-thought-through message that lays down your case and provides justification for why you think the council should consider enacting a change to the network on your behalf. At some point you will likely need a place for a longer-form discussion. For this, use the main Geode interface. When you write a post on the main Geode interface, make sure you present all the evidence for your circumstances and state clearly what kind of change you would suggest to the councillors to enact. Remember, the councillors do not need to make the change, it is your responsibility to make a strong case for why the change should be made.